PubMed:
Provider: NLM
Database: PubMed (National Library of Medicine), https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Date(s) Searched: October 28, 2026
Language: English
Publication types excluded: Comment, Editorial, Letter, Case Reports, Preprint
Final count: 6,907 (line 18)
Search Terms:

No. | Query | Results
1 | "Urinary Bladder Neoplasms"[Mesh] OR "Carcinoma, Transitional Cell"[Mesh] | 76,110
2 | "bladder cancer*"[tiab] OR "bladder tumor*"[tiab] OR "bladder tumour*"[tiab] OR "bladder neoplasm*"[tiab] OR "bladder carcinoma*"[tiab] OR "urothelial carcinoma*"[tiab] OR "urothelial cancer*"[tiab] OR "transitional cell carcinoma*"[tiab] OR NMIBC[tiab] | 85,737
3 | 1 OR 2 | 103,654
4 | "Carcinoma in Situ"[Mesh] OR "BCG Vaccine"[Mesh] OR "Administration, Intravesical"[Mesh] | 54,049
5 | "non-muscle invasive"[tiab] OR "nonmuscle invasive"[tiab] OR NMIBC[tiab] OR "superficial bladder"[tiab:~2] OR "carcinoma in situ"[tiab] OR T1G3[tiab] OR pT1[tiab] OR "stage T1"[tiab] OR "T1 bladder"[tiab:~2] OR BCG[tiab] OR "Calmette-Guerin"[tiab] OR intravesical[tiab] OR TURBT[tiab] OR "transurethral resection"[tiab] | 85,031
6 | "non-muscle invasive"[ot] | 1,499
7 | 4 OR 5 OR 6 | 108,908
8 | "Prognosis"[Mesh:NoExp] OR "Risk Factors"[Mesh] OR "Risk Assessment"[Mesh] OR "Biomarkers, Tumor"[Mesh] OR "Nomograms"[Mesh] OR "Proportional Hazards Models"[Mesh] OR "Multivariate Analysis"[Mesh] | 2,283,845
9 | "associated with"[ti] | 531,268
10 | prognos*[tiab] OR predict*[tiab] OR "risk factor*"[tiab] OR "hazard ratio*"[tiab] OR "odds ratio*"[tiab] OR multivariate[tiab] OR multivariable[tiab] OR nomogram*[tiab] OR "risk stratification"[tiab] OR "risk score*"[tiab] OR "risk group*"[tiab] OR biomarker*[tiab] | 5,161,509
11 | 8 OR 9 OR 10 | 6,455,728
12 | "Neoplasm Recurrence, Local"[Mesh] OR "Recurrence"[Mesh:NoExp] OR "Disease Progression"[Mesh] OR "Survival Analysis"[Mesh] OR "Progression-Free Survival"[Mesh] OR "Cystectomy"[Mesh] OR "Treatment Failure"[Mesh] OR "Drug Resistance, Neoplasm"[Mesh] | 1,007,392
13 | recurren*[tiab] OR relapse*[tiab] OR progression[tiab] OR "muscle invasion"[tiab] OR upstaging[tiab] OR survival[tiab] OR mortality[tiab] OR cystectom*[tiab] OR "BCG unresponsive*"[tiab] OR "BCG refractory"[tiab] OR "BCG failure*"[tiab] OR "BCG relapsing"[tiab] OR "treatment failure"[tiab] | 3,941,252
14 | 12 OR 13 | 4,250,666
15 | 3 AND 7 AND 11 AND 14 | 7,885
16 | "Comment"[Publication Type] OR "Editorial"[Publication Type] OR "Letter"[Publication Type] OR "Case Reports"[Publication Type] OR "Preprint"[Publication Type] | 4,884,955
17 | 15 NOT 16 | 7,458
18 | 17 AND english[la] | 6,907
19 | "high risk"[tiab] OR "high grade"[tiab] OR "highest risk"[tiab] | 593,438

Final query as run through NCBI E-utilities (line 18):
(((("Urinary Bladder Neoplasms"[Mesh] OR "Carcinoma, Transitional Cell"[Mesh]) OR ("bladder cancer*"[tiab] OR "bladder tumor*"[tiab] OR "bladder tumour*"[tiab] OR "bladder neoplasm*"[tiab] OR "bladder carcinoma*"[tiab] OR "urothelial carcinoma*"[tiab] OR "urothelial cancer*"[tiab] OR "transitional cell carcinoma*"[tiab] OR NMIBC[tiab])) AND (("Carcinoma in Situ"[Mesh] OR "BCG Vaccine"[Mesh] OR "Administration, Intravesical"[Mesh]) OR ("non-muscle invasive"[tiab] OR "nonmuscle invasive"[tiab] OR NMIBC[tiab] OR "superficial bladder"[tiab:~2] OR "carcinoma in situ"[tiab] OR T1G3[tiab] OR pT1[tiab] OR "stage T1"[tiab] OR "T1 bladder"[tiab:~2] OR BCG[tiab] OR "Calmette-Guerin"[tiab] OR intravesical[tiab] OR TURBT[tiab] OR "transurethral resection"[tiab]) OR ("non-muscle invasive"[ot])) AND (("Prognosis"[Mesh:NoExp] OR "Risk Factors"[Mesh] OR "Risk Assessment"[Mesh] OR "Biomarkers, Tumor"[Mesh] OR "Nomograms"[Mesh] OR "Proportional Hazards Models"[Mesh] OR "Multivariate Analysis"[Mesh]) OR ("associated with"[ti]) OR (prognos*[tiab] OR predict*[tiab] OR "risk factor*"[tiab] OR "hazard ratio*"[tiab] OR "odds ratio*"[tiab] OR multivariate[tiab] OR multivariable[tiab] OR nomogram*[tiab] OR "risk stratification"[tiab] OR "risk score*"[tiab] OR "risk group*"[tiab] OR biomarker*[tiab])) AND (("Neoplasm Recurrence, Local"[Mesh] OR "Recurrence"[Mesh:NoExp] OR "Disease Progression"[Mesh] OR "Survival Analysis"[Mesh] OR "Progression-Free Survival"[Mesh] OR "Cystectomy"[Mesh] OR "Treatment Failure"[Mesh] OR "Drug Resistance, Neoplasm"[Mesh]) OR (recurren*[tiab] OR relapse*[tiab] OR progression[tiab] OR "muscle invasion"[tiab] OR upstaging[tiab] OR survival[tiab] OR mortality[tiab] OR cystectom*[tiab] OR "BCG unresponsive*"[tiab] OR "BCG refractory"[tiab] OR "BCG failure*"[tiab] OR "BCG relapsing"[tiab] OR "treatment failure"[tiab]))) NOT ("Comment"[Publication Type] OR "Editorial"[Publication Type] OR "Letter"[Publication Type] OR "Case Reports"[Publication Type] OR "Preprint"[Publication Type])) AND english[la]

AI-use statement:
The PubMed search strategy was drafted with the PICO search builder. It used the large language model claude-opus-5-5 (Anthropic; accessed October 28, 2026) to propose search concepts and terms from the review question. The tool made 1 call to the model at high effort (the draft); claude-opus-5-5 was requested and answered it. A refusal fallback was enabled (had the model declined a request, the API could have run it again on another model Anthropic recommends); it was not used. Every MeSH heading, Supplementary Concept and publication type the strategy searches was checked against NLM MeSH (id.nlm.nih.gov) before use: 25 valid. Each numbered line was run in PubMed through NCBI E-utilities on October 28, 2026, and PubMed's own diagnostics (phrases not found, ignored words, lost truncation) were checked. A searcher must review the strategy before it is used. The prompts, the model output and every version are in the provenance file (JSON export).

Review question: What factors are associated with recurrence, progression, survival, BCG unresponsiveness, or cystectomy in adults with high-risk NMIBC?
Run 95ee90bf-0161-444a-980b-df0739021fcb, exported October 29, 2026 from the PICO search builder.