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What is the association between COVID-19 vaccination and neurocognitive outcomes of COVID-19, including long COVID and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children?

DoneStarted Oct 28, 2026, 15:41 UTCFinished Oct 28, 2026, 15:43 UTC

Stages

  1. Finding the known studies(done)
  2. Drafting(done)
  3. Checking MeSH(done)
  4. Counting in PubMed(done)
  5. Checking known studies(done)
  6. Comparing with the reference(done)
  7. Run Search(done)
  8. Saving(done)
Run log (29)
  1. Finding the known studies: Finding 9 known studies in PubMed
  2. Drafting: Drafting concepts and terms
  3. Checking MeSH: Checking every MeSH heading, Supplementary Concept and publication type against NLM
  4. Counting in PubMed: Running 19 lines on PubMed
  5. Line 1: 268,269 records
  6. Line 4: 261,294 records
  7. Line 3: 3,339 records
  8. Line 2: 390,290 records
  9. Line 6: 457,134 records
  10. Line 7: 216,454 records
  11. Line 8: 452,535 records
  12. Line 11: 74,035 records
  13. Line 10: 793,570 records
  14. Line 12: 301,694 records
  15. Line 13: 11,914 records
  16. Line 5: 461,956 records
  17. Line 14: 129,982 records
  18. Line 17: 4,270,113 records
  19. Line 15: 344,365 records
  20. Line 16: 460 records
  21. Line 18: 351 records
  22. Line 19: 349 records
  23. Line 9: 46,017 records
  24. Checking known studies: Checking which known studies the final query finds
  25. Comparing with the reference: Comparing with the reference strategy
  26. Note: The reference strategy's header gives 2020 to present, which none of its lines applies; it was run without it.
  27. Run Search: Fetching the first 20 records
  28. Saving: Saving the run
  29. Finished.

Final count (line 19)

349

Open in PubMed (opens in a new tab)
Query as run (2,647 characters)(((("COVID-19"[Majr] OR "Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome"[Majr] OR "SARS-CoV-2"[Majr] OR "pediatric multisystem inflammatory disease, COVID-19 related"[Supplementary Concept]) OR ("COVID-19"[ti] OR COVID19[ti] OR "SARS-CoV-2"[ti] OR "SARS-CoV2"[ti] OR "coronavirus disease 2019"[ti] OR "2019-nCoV"[ti] OR "novel coronavirus"[ti] OR "long COVID"[ti] OR "post-COVID"[ti] OR "post-acute sequelae"[ti] OR PASC[ti] OR "long hauler*"[ti] OR "MIS-C"[ti] OR "PIMS-TS"[ti]) OR ("multisystem inflammatory syndrome"[tw] OR "paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome"[tw] OR "pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome"[tw]) OR ("COVID-19"[ot] OR "SARS-CoV-2"[ot] OR "long COVID"[ot] OR "post-acute sequelae"[ot])) AND (("Cognition"[Majr:NoExp] OR "Cognitive Dysfunction"[Mesh] OR "Neurocognitive Disorders"[Majr:NoExp] OR "Memory Disorders"[Mesh] OR "Memory"[Majr:NoExp] OR "Memory, Episodic"[Mesh] OR "Memory, Short-Term"[Mesh] OR "Executive Function"[Mesh] OR "Attention"[Majr:NoExp] OR "Mental Fatigue"[Mesh] OR "Neurologic Manifestations"[Majr:NoExp] OR "Neuropsychological Tests"[Mesh]) OR (cognition[ti] OR cognitive[ti] OR neurocognition[ti] OR neuropsychological[ti]) OR (neurocognitive[tiab] OR "cognitive impairment"[tiab] OR "cognitive dysfunction"[tiab] OR "cognitive decline"[tiab] OR "cognitive deficit*"[tiab] OR "cognitive function*"[tiab] OR "cognitive performance"[tiab] OR "cognitive symptom*"[tiab] OR "brain fog"[tiab] OR "memory impairment"[tiab] OR "memory loss"[tiab] OR "memory complaint*"[tiab] OR "memory problem*"[tiab] OR "working memory"[tiab] OR "episodic memory"[tiab] OR "executive function*"[tiab] OR "executive dysfunction"[tiab] OR "sustained attention"[tiab] OR "attention span"[tiab] OR "difficulty concentrating"[tiab] OR "concentration difficulties"[tiab] OR "processing speed"[tiab] OR "neurological symptom*"[tiab] OR "neurologic symptom*"[tiab] OR "neurological manifestation*"[tiab] OR "neurologic manifestation*"[tiab] OR "neurological sequelae"[tiab] OR "neurologic sequelae"[tiab] OR "Neuro-PASC"[tiab] OR "neuropsychiatric symptom*"[tiab]) OR (cognition[ot])) AND (("COVID-19 Vaccines"[Majr] OR "Vaccination"[Majr] OR "Breakthrough Infections"[Majr] OR "COVID-19 breakthrough infections"[Supplementary Concept]) OR (vaccin*[ti] OR unvaccinated[ti] OR immuniz*[ti] OR immunis*[ti] OR "booster dose*"[ti] OR BNT162b2[ti] OR "mRNA-1273"[ti] OR ChAdOx1[ti]) OR ("breakthrough infection*"[tiab] OR "vaccination status"[tiab]) OR (vaccin*[ot]))) NOT ("Comment"[Publication Type] OR "Case Reports"[Publication Type] OR "Editorial"[Publication Type] OR "Preprint"[Publication Type])) AND english[la] AND 2020:3000[dp]

Known studies

4 of 6 found

95% CI 22%–96%

Only studies the model never saw are counted. Finding known studies does not prove the search is complete.

Each study (9)
  • Found: 38918610PMID 38918610 · shown to the model
  • Found: 38130975PMID 38130975 · shown to the model
  • Found: 39857653PMID 39857653 · held back for validation
  • Found: 40144475PMID 40144475 · held back for validation
  • Found: 39787799PMID 39787799 · held back for validation
  • Found: 39657038PMID 39657038 · held back for validation
  • Found: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae448PMID 39777257 · shown to the model
  • Missed: Cognition and Memory after Covid-19 in a Large Community SamplePMID 38416429 · held back for validation · missed by COVID-19 vaccination
  • Missed: Six-month sequelae of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection: A retrospective cohort study of 10,024 breakthrough infectionsPMID 35447302 · held back for validation · missed by Neurocognitive and neurological outcomes

Reference strategy

26%

relative recall: 134 of the reference's 521 records

Relative recall counts every record the reference finds, relevant or not, so it does not show how many relevant studies this search finds.

This search is limited to 2020-present; the reference is not, so its records outside that limit cannot count as found.

This search finds 349 records in total. The reference was run as its final line.

Search lines

Vocabulary terms are marked ✓︎ valid, ↪︎ mapped to the preferred heading, ✗︎ not found, ⚠︎ not checked.
Numbered search lines with their PubMed counts
No.SearchResults
1

COVID-19, long COVID and MIS-C

"COVID-19"[Majr] (MeSH heading valid: D000086382) OR "Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome"[Majr] (MeSH heading valid: D000094024) OR "SARS-CoV-2"[Majr] (MeSH heading valid: D000086402) OR "pediatric multisystem inflammatory disease, COVID-19 related"[Supplementary Concept] (Supplementary Concept valid: C000705967)		268,269
2

COVID-19, long COVID and MIS-C

"COVID-19"[ti] OR COVID19[ti] OR "SARS-CoV-2"[ti] OR "SARS-CoV2"[ti] OR "coronavirus disease 2019"[ti] OR "2019-nCoV"[ti] OR "novel coronavirus"[ti] OR "long COVID"[ti] OR "post-COVID"[ti] OR "post-acute sequelae"[ti] OR PASC[ti] OR "long hauler*"[ti] OR "MIS-C"[ti] OR "PIMS-TS"[ti]		390,290
3

COVID-19, long COVID and MIS-C

"multisystem inflammatory syndrome"[tw] OR "paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome"[tw] OR "pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome"[tw]		3,339
4

COVID-19, long COVID and MIS-C

"COVID-19"[ot] OR "SARS-CoV-2"[ot] OR "long COVID"[ot] OR "post-acute sequelae"[ot]		261,294
5

COVID-19, long COVID and MIS-C · block

1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4		461,956
6

Neurocognitive and neurological outcomes

"Cognition"[Majr:NoExp] (MeSH heading valid: D003071) OR "Cognitive Dysfunction"[Mesh] (MeSH heading valid: D060825) OR "Neurocognitive Disorders"[Majr:NoExp] (MeSH heading valid: D019965) OR "Memory Disorders"[Mesh] (MeSH heading valid: D008569) OR "Memory"[Majr:NoExp] (MeSH heading valid: D008568) OR "Memory, Episodic"[Mesh] (MeSH heading valid: D061212) OR "Memory, Short-Term"[Mesh] (MeSH heading valid: D008570) OR "Executive Function"[Mesh] (MeSH heading valid: D056344) OR "Attention"[Majr:NoExp] (MeSH heading valid: D001288) OR "Mental Fatigue"[Mesh] (MeSH heading valid: D005222) OR "Neurologic Manifestations"[Majr:NoExp] (MeSH heading valid: D009461) OR "Neuropsychological Tests"[Mesh] (MeSH heading valid: D009483)		457,134
7

Neurocognitive and neurological outcomes

cognition[ti] OR cognitive[ti] OR neurocognition[ti] OR neuropsychological[ti]		216,454
8

Neurocognitive and neurological outcomes

neurocognitive[tiab] OR "cognitive impairment"[tiab] OR "cognitive dysfunction"[tiab] OR "cognitive decline"[tiab] OR "cognitive deficit*"[tiab] OR "cognitive function*"[tiab] OR "cognitive performance"[tiab] OR "cognitive symptom*"[tiab] OR "brain fog"[tiab] OR "memory impairment"[tiab] OR "memory loss"[tiab] OR "memory complaint*"[tiab] OR "memory problem*"[tiab] OR "working memory"[tiab] OR "episodic memory"[tiab] OR "executive function*"[tiab] OR "executive dysfunction"[tiab] OR "sustained attention"[tiab] OR "attention span"[tiab] OR "difficulty concentrating"[tiab] OR "concentration difficulties"[tiab] OR "processing speed"[tiab] OR "neurological symptom*"[tiab] OR "neurologic symptom*"[tiab] OR "neurological manifestation*"[tiab] OR "neurologic manifestation*"[tiab] OR "neurological sequelae"[tiab] OR "neurologic sequelae"[tiab] OR "Neuro-PASC"[tiab] OR "neuropsychiatric symptom*"[tiab]		452,535
9

Neurocognitive and neurological outcomes

cognition[ot]		46,017
10

Neurocognitive and neurological outcomes · block

6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9		793,570
11

COVID-19 vaccination

"COVID-19 Vaccines"[Majr] (MeSH heading valid: D000086663) OR "Vaccination"[Majr] (MeSH heading valid: D014611) OR "Breakthrough Infections"[Majr] (MeSH heading valid: D000093742) OR "COVID-19 breakthrough infections"[Supplementary Concept] (Supplementary Concept valid: C000718127)		74,035
12

COVID-19 vaccination

vaccin*[ti] OR unvaccinated[ti] OR immuniz*[ti] OR immunis*[ti] OR "booster dose*"[ti] OR BNT162b2[ti] OR "mRNA-1273"[ti] OR ChAdOx1[ti]		301,694
13

COVID-19 vaccination

"breakthrough infection*"[tiab] OR "vaccination status"[tiab]		11,914
14

COVID-19 vaccination

vaccin*[ot]		129,982
15

COVID-19 vaccination · block

11 OR 12 OR 13 OR 14		344,365
16

combined

5 AND 10 AND 15		460
17

excluded

"Comment"[Publication Type] (publication type valid: D016420) OR "Case Reports"[Publication Type] (publication type valid: D002363) OR "Editorial"[Publication Type] (publication type valid: D016421) OR "Preprint"[Publication Type] (publication type valid: D000076942)		4,270,113
18

exclusions removed

16 NOT 17		351
19Final

limits

18 AND english[la] AND 2020:3000[dp]		349

Issues

0 errors, 2 warnings, 1 notes
  • Warning: Language limit (english): it can remove relevant studies; report and justify it.
  • Warning: Publication types excluded with NOT (Comment, Case Reports, Editorial, Preprint): report and justify the exclusion.
  • Note: The reference strategy's header gives 2020 to present, which none of its lines applies; it was run without it.

First records

The first 20 of the final line's records, as PubMed sorts them.
  1. Protective Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on Post-Infection Visuospatial Deficits. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    da Silva LG, Fini BCD, Oliveira JCM et al. · Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) · 2026 · PMID 42905886

  2. Protective Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on Post-Infection Visuospatial Deficits. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    da Silva LG, Fini BCD, Oliveira JCM et al. · Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) · 2026 · PMID 42900956

  3. Prior COVID-19 vaccination and cognitive outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a mini-review. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    da Silva LG, Oliveira JCM, Fini BCD et al. · Dementia & neuropsychologia · 2026 · PMID 42841133

  4. Association Between Respiratory Vaccines and Risk of Cognitive Impairment, Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: A Scoping Review. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Runzer-Colmenares FM, Cahuapaza-Gutierrez NL, Calderon-Hernandez CC et al. · Vaccines · 2026 · PMID 42797547

  5. Long-term adverse effects following COVID-19 vaccination: A comparative analysis of Oxford AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech, and Moderna vaccines. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Aldali JA, Meo SA · Medicine · 2026 · PMID 42675735

  6. Incidence and clinical characteristics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis during the post-COVID-19 Period: a population-based study from Isfahan, Iran. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Etemadifar M, Salari M, Kashefi M et al. · Neurodegenerative disease management · 2026 · PMID 42599142

  7. Long COVID symptom trajectories according to post-COVID-19 vaccination status: a prospective longitudinal study. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Benli A, Ala Selek S, Başaran S et al. · Japanese journal of infectious diseases · 2026 · PMID 42543573

  8. Predicting parents' COVID-19 vaccination intentions and behavior for their children: application of an integrated social cognition model. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Griffith ZM, Royer Z, Gaffney AM et al. · Psychology & health · 2026 · PMID 42543244

  9. Posterior Circulation Ischemic Stroke Occurring After ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 Vaccination Without Evidence of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report and Focused Narrative Review. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Bermejo-Pareja F, Ramo-Tello C, Benito-León J · Journal of clinical medicine · 2026 · PMID 42513402

  10. Strict long COVID, symptom persistence, and functional decline among community-dwelling older adults in Quito, Ecuador: a cross-sectional study. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    González-Andrade F · BMC geriatrics · 2026 · PMID 42426643

  11. Mechanisms and impact of long COVID: pathophysiology, neuropsychiatric effects and vaccination. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Ponnachan P, Dhawlarker A, Yasmin H et al. · Frontiers in immunology · 2026 · PMID 42404887

  12. Post-COVID neuropsychiatric symptoms in India: Prevalence, risk factors, and persistence. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Laha P, Gowda GS, Moirangthem S et al. · Indian journal of psychiatry · 2026 · PMID 42396417

  13. Does education shield against vaccine hesitancy? Evidence from the East-West divide. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Fawaz Y · Social science & medicine (1982) · 2026 · PMID 42392028

  14. COVID-19 Vaccine-triggered Relapsing Immune Dysregulation: An Observational Study with Four-year Follow-up. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Annapoorni CSV, Chandra SR, Isaac TG · Annals of neurosciences · 2026 · PMID 42382104

  15. Risk of new-onset obstructive sleep apnea up to 4.5 years after COVID-19 in the urban population. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Changela S, Katz R, Shah J et al. · Scientific reports · 2026 · PMID 42336872

  16. An integrated model of the emotional, cognitive, and community-related dimensions affecting vaccine hesitancy during COVID-19 pandemic. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Gatti F, Procentese F, Compare C et al. · Journal of health psychology · 2026 · PMID 42333961

  17. Specialist care at a distance: Patient-reported experience with telemedicine video consultations for neurological symptoms associated with post-COVID-19 condition or in temporal association with COVID-19 vaccination in a single-center retrospective cross-sectional study. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Raeder V, Boesl F, Bremer B et al. · Digital health · 2026 · PMID 42272704

  18. Prior SGLT2 Inhibitor and Metformin Use and Risk of Long COVID in Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Ngiam JN, Loy EX, Koh MCY et al. · Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026 · PMID 42236640

  19. Prevalence and long-term outcomes of brain fog and cognitive impairment in individuals with long COVID: A systematic review. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Faseeh A, Rida M, Karim NE et al. · Medicine · 2026 · PMID 42216347

  20. Immune correlates underlying small fiber neuropathy presenting as vaccine-associated post-acute SARS- coronavirus syndrome. (PubMed, opens in a new tab)

    Limongelli A, Bozzano F, Hajabbas Farshchi A et al. · Frontiers in immunology · 2026 · PMID 41939860

Export

Strategy (.txt)PMIDs (.txt)MEDLINE (.txt)Provenance (.json)

The strategy file has the numbered lines with counts, the search date and the AI-use statement. PMIDs and MEDLINE are fetched from PubMed when you download, so they reflect PubMed today.

Checking PubMed for the current list of PMIDs…

Objective and notes from the draft

To identify studies that assess whether COVID-19 vaccination, before or after SARS-CoV-2 infection, is associated with neurocognitive and neurological outcomes of COVID-19, including long COVID (post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.

  • Vaccination words are searched in titles and keywords, as in the reference approach. Searching vaccin* in title/abstract would find more long COVID cohort studies that report vaccination status only in the abstract, at the cost of many more records to screen.
  • The Neurologic Manifestations heading and the neurological symptom phrases will also find studies of neurological adverse events after vaccination (for example Guillain-Barré syndrome) in people with COVID-19. These are kept for sensitivity and can be excluded at screening.
  • Bare memory and attention were left out because they also find immunological memory and deep-learning attention models; cognitive phrases are used instead.
  • Neurocognitive Disorders is restricted to major topic without explosion, so records where dementia only describes the study population (for example vaccination of care-home residents with dementia) are not pulled in. Searchers who want dementia or delirium as outcomes can add those headings.
  • Mental Fatigue is used as the nearest heading for brain fog, and brain fog is also searched as a phrase in case NLM has no specific heading for it.
  • Purely psychiatric outcomes (depression, anxiety) are not searched as such, because the question is about neurocognitive outcomes; neuropsychiatric symptom phrases are kept for borderline studies.

Edit the strategy

Changes are not searched until you recount. Each recount is saved as a new version.

COVID-19, long COVID and MIS-CCondition

461,956 records · 21 of 21 terms on · 18 suggestions off

  • MeSH valid: D000086382AI

    "COVID-19"[Majr]

    Core heading for the disease, indexed as a major topic in relevant records such as PMID 38918610.

  • MeSH valid: D000094024AI

    "Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome"[Majr]

    Heading for long COVID, a named part of the question.

  • MeSH valid: D000086402AI

    "SARS-CoV-2"[Majr]

    The virus heading is a major topic in relevant records such as PMID 38918610.

  • SCR valid: C000705967AI

    "pediatric multisystem inflammatory disease, COVID-19 related"[Supplementary Concept]

    Supplementary Concept for MIS-C, which has no descriptor of its own.

  • TextAI

    "COVID-19"[ti]

    Main disease name in titles and author keywords, needed for records not yet indexed such as PMID 38130975.

    Fields to search for COVID-19
  • TextAI

    COVID19[ti]

    Joined spelling variant of COVID-19.

    Fields to search for COVID19
  • TextAI

    "SARS-CoV-2"[ti]

    Virus name used in titles and keywords, as in PMID 38918610 and PMID 39777257.

    Fields to search for SARS-CoV-2
  • TextAI

    "SARS-CoV2"[ti]

    Joined spelling variant of SARS-CoV-2.

    Fields to search for SARS-CoV2
  • TextAI

    "coronavirus disease 2019"[ti]

    Spelled-out entry term for COVID-19.

    Fields to search for coronavirus disease 2019
  • TextAI

    "2019-nCoV"[ti]

    Early entry term for the virus and disease.

    Fields to search for 2019-nCoV
  • TextAI

    "novel coronavirus"[ti]

    Early-pandemic name for SARS-CoV-2.

    Fields to search for novel coronavirus
  • TextAI

    "long COVID"[ti]

    Common name for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, used as a keyword in PMID 39777257.

    Fields to search for long COVID
  • TextAI

    "post-COVID"[ti]

    Covers post-COVID condition, post-COVID syndrome and post-COVID-19 phrasing.

    Fields to search for post-COVID
  • TextAI

    "post-acute sequelae"[ti]

    Phrase from post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), used in PMID 39777257.

    Fields to search for post-acute sequelae
  • TextAI

    PASC[ti]

    Abbreviation for post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including Neuro-PASC.

    Fields to search for PASC
  • TextAI

    "long hauler*"[ti]

    Lay term for people with long COVID (long haulers).

    Fields to search for long hauler
  • TextAI

    "MIS-C"[ti]

    Standard abbreviation for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.

    Fields to search for MIS-C
  • TextAI

    "PIMS-TS"[ti]

    British abbreviation for the paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome linked to SARS-CoV-2.

    Fields to search for PIMS-TS
  • TextAI

    "multisystem inflammatory syndrome"[tw]

    Distinctive name covering MIS-C and MIS-A, which have no descriptor.

    Fields to search for multisystem inflammatory syndrome
  • TextAI

    "paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome"[tw]

    British name for MIS-C.

    Fields to search for paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome
  • TextAI

    "pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome"[tw]

    American spelling of the British name for MIS-C.

    Fields to search for pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome
Suggested MeSH entry terms (18, off)
  • TextEntry term

    "2019-nCoV Disease"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "COVID-19" (D000086382)

    Fields to search for 2019-nCoV Disease
  • TextEntry term

    "2019-nCoV Infection"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "COVID-19" (D000086382)

    Fields to search for 2019-nCoV Infection
  • TextEntry term

    "SARS-CoV-2 Infection"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "COVID-19" (D000086382)

    Fields to search for SARS-CoV-2 Infection
  • TextEntry term

    "Coronavirus Disease-19"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "COVID-19" (D000086382)

    Fields to search for Coronavirus Disease-19
  • TextEntry term

    "COVID-19 Virus Disease"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "COVID-19" (D000086382)

    Fields to search for COVID-19 Virus Disease
  • TextEntry term

    "COVID-19 Virus Infection"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "COVID-19" (D000086382)

    Fields to search for COVID-19 Virus Infection
  • TextEntry term

    "Long-Haul COVID"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome" (D000094024)

    Fields to search for Long-Haul COVID
  • TextEntry term

    "Long Haul COVID-19"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome" (D000094024)

    Fields to search for Long Haul COVID-19
  • TextEntry term

    "Post-COVID Conditions"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome" (D000094024)

    Fields to search for Post-COVID Conditions
  • TextEntry term

    "Post-COVID-19 Syndrome"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome" (D000094024)

    Fields to search for Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
  • TextEntry term

    "Post Acute COVID-19 Syndrome"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome" (D000094024)

    Fields to search for Post Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
  • TextEntry term

    "Post-Acute COVID-19 Sequelae"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome" (D000094024)

    Fields to search for Post-Acute COVID-19 Sequelae
  • TextEntry term

    "COVID19 Virus"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "SARS-CoV-2" (D000086402)

    Fields to search for COVID19 Virus
  • TextEntry term

    "COVID-19 Virus"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "SARS-CoV-2" (D000086402)

    Fields to search for COVID-19 Virus
  • TextEntry term

    "SARS-CoV-2 Virus"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "SARS-CoV-2" (D000086402)

    Fields to search for SARS-CoV-2 Virus
  • TextEntry term

    "Wuhan Coronavirus"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "SARS-CoV-2" (D000086402)

    Fields to search for Wuhan Coronavirus
  • TextEntry term

    "SARS Coronavirus 2"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "SARS-CoV-2" (D000086402)

    Fields to search for SARS Coronavirus 2
  • TextEntry term

    "2019 Novel Coronavirus"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "SARS-CoV-2" (D000086402)

    Fields to search for 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Fields to search

Neurocognitive and neurological outcomesOutcome

793,570 records · 46 of 46 terms on · 32 suggestions off

  • MeSH valid: D003071AI

    "Cognition"[Majr:NoExp]

    Cognition as a main topic; not exploded because its narrower headings add noise.

  • MeSH valid: D060825AI

    "Cognitive Dysfunction"[Mesh]

    Heading for cognitive impairment, major in PMID 38918610.

  • MeSH valid: D019965AI

    "Neurocognitive Disorders"[Majr:NoExp]

    General heading for neurocognitive disorders; not exploded to avoid records where dementia only describes the population.

  • MeSH valid: D008569AI

    "Memory Disorders"[Mesh]

    Covers memory impairment and memory loss after COVID-19.

  • MeSH valid: D008568AI

    "Memory"[Majr:NoExp]

    Memory as a main topic; the wanted narrower headings are listed separately.

  • MeSH valid: D061212AI

    "Memory, Episodic"[Mesh]

    Specific memory domain affected after COVID-19.

  • MeSH valid: D008570AI

    "Memory, Short-Term"[Mesh]

    Covers working memory, a frequently tested domain.

  • MeSH valid: D056344AI

    "Executive Function"[Mesh]

    Executive function is a core neurocognitive outcome.

  • MeSH valid: D001288AI

    "Attention"[Majr:NoExp]

    Attention as a main topic; not exploded to avoid unrelated narrower headings.

  • MeSH valid: D005222AI

    "Mental Fatigue"[Mesh]

    Closest heading to brain fog and cognitive fatigue in long COVID.

  • MeSH valid: D009461AI

    "Neurologic Manifestations"[Majr:NoExp]

    Neurological symptoms of COVID-19 and long COVID; not exploded to avoid pain and motor findings.

  • MeSH valid: D009483AI

    "Neuropsychological Tests"[Mesh]

    Studies that measure cognitive performance with standard tests.

  • TextAI

    cognition[ti]

    Core outcome word, used as a keyword in PMID 38130975.

    Fields to search for cognition
  • TextAI

    cognitive[ti]

    Captures any cognitive outcome named in the title, such as cognitive impairment and cognitive performance.

    Fields to search for cognitive
  • TextAI

    neurocognition[ti]

    Noun form of neurocognitive, used in titles.

    Fields to search for neurocognition
  • TextAI

    neuropsychological[ti]

    Title word for neuropsychological outcomes and testing.

    Fields to search for neuropsychological
  • TextAI

    neurocognitive[tiab]

    Outcome word that often appears only in the abstract.

    Fields to search for neurocognitive
  • TextAI

    "cognitive impairment"[tiab]

    Main finding, as in PMID 38918610.

    Fields to search for cognitive impairment
  • TextAI

    "cognitive dysfunction"[tiab]

    Entry-term synonym for cognitive impairment.

    Fields to search for cognitive dysfunction
  • TextAI

    "cognitive decline"[tiab]

    Common way authors report worsening cognition.

    Fields to search for cognitive decline
  • TextAI

    "cognitive deficit*"[tiab]

    Finding phrase for measured cognitive deficits.

    Fields to search for cognitive deficit
  • TextAI

    "cognitive function*"[tiab]

    Covers cognitive function, functions and functioning.

    Fields to search for cognitive function
  • TextAI

    "cognitive performance"[tiab]

    Outcome phrase used in PMID 38130975.

    Fields to search for cognitive performance
  • TextAI

    "cognitive symptom*"[tiab]

    Symptom phrase common in long COVID studies.

    Fields to search for cognitive symptom
  • TextAI

    "brain fog"[tiab]

    Patient and clinical term for long COVID cognitive symptoms; may lack a specific heading.

    Fields to search for brain fog
  • TextAI

    "memory impairment"[tiab]

    Cognitive sense of memory, phrased to avoid immunological memory.

    Fields to search for memory impairment
  • TextAI

    "memory loss"[tiab]

    Common symptom phrase for memory problems.

    Fields to search for memory loss
  • TextAI

    "memory complaint*"[tiab]

    Subjective memory complaints reported after COVID-19.

    Fields to search for memory complaint
  • TextAI

    "memory problem*"[tiab]

    Lay phrasing for memory symptoms in surveys.

    Fields to search for memory problem
  • TextAI

    "working memory"[tiab]

    Specific memory domain often tested.

    Fields to search for working memory
  • TextAI

    "episodic memory"[tiab]

    Specific memory domain often tested.

    Fields to search for episodic memory
  • TextAI

    "executive function*"[tiab]

    Covers executive function, functions and functioning.

    Fields to search for executive function
  • TextAI

    "executive dysfunction"[tiab]

    Finding phrase for impaired executive function.

    Fields to search for executive dysfunction
  • TextAI

    "sustained attention"[tiab]

    Cognitive sense of attention, avoiding deep-learning attention mechanisms.

    Fields to search for sustained attention
  • TextAI

    "attention span"[tiab]

    Cognitive sense of attention.

    Fields to search for attention span
  • TextAI

    "difficulty concentrating"[tiab]

    Common symptom phrase in long COVID questionnaires.

    Fields to search for difficulty concentrating
  • TextAI

    "concentration difficulties"[tiab]

    Variant phrasing of difficulty concentrating.

    Fields to search for concentration difficulties
  • TextAI

    "processing speed"[tiab]

    Cognitive domain measured in studies such as PMID 38130975.

    Fields to search for processing speed
  • TextAI

    "neurological symptom*"[tiab]

    Neurological symptoms of COVID-19 and long COVID.

    Fields to search for neurological symptom
  • TextAI

    "neurologic symptom*"[tiab]

    American variant of neurological symptoms.

    Fields to search for neurologic symptom
  • TextAI

    "neurological manifestation*"[tiab]

    Wording of the neurologic manifestations heading.

    Fields to search for neurological manifestation
  • TextAI

    "neurologic manifestation*"[tiab]

    Variant used in the title of PMID 39777257.

    Fields to search for neurologic manifestation
  • TextAI

    "neurological sequelae"[tiab]

    Long-term neurological outcomes of infection.

    Fields to search for neurological sequelae
  • TextAI

    "neurologic sequelae"[tiab]

    American variant of neurological sequelae.

    Fields to search for neurologic sequelae
  • TextAI

    "Neuro-PASC"[tiab]

    Name for neurological post-acute sequelae used in PMID 39777257.

    Fields to search for Neuro-PASC
  • TextAI

    "neuropsychiatric symptom*"[tiab]

    Combined neurological and psychiatric symptom phrase common in long COVID research.

    Fields to search for neuropsychiatric symptom
Suggested MeSH entry terms (32, off)
  • TextEntry term

    "Cognitive Disorder"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Cognitive Dysfunction" (D060825)

    Fields to search for Cognitive Disorder
  • TextEntry term

    "Cognitive Impairments"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Cognitive Dysfunction" (D060825)

    Fields to search for Cognitive Impairments
  • TextEntry term

    "Organic Mental Disorders"[tiab]

    Narrower concept "Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders" under the MeSH heading "Neurocognitive Disorders" (D019965)

    Fields to search for Organic Mental Disorders
  • TextEntry term

    "Kandinsky Syndrome"[tiab]

    Narrower concept under the MeSH heading "Neurocognitive Disorders" (D019965)

    Fields to search for Kandinsky Syndrome
  • TextEntry term

    "Nonpsychotic Organic Brain Syndrome"[tiab]

    Narrower concept "Organic Brain Syndrome, Nonpsychotic" under the MeSH heading "Neurocognitive Disorders" (D019965)

    Fields to search for Nonpsychotic Organic Brain Syndrome
  • TextEntry term

    "Clerambault Syndrome"[tiab]

    Narrower concept "Kandinsky Syndrome" under the MeSH heading "Neurocognitive Disorders" (D019965)

    Fields to search for Clerambault Syndrome
  • TextEntry term

    "Spatial Memory Disorder"[tiab]

    Narrower concept "Memory Disorder, Spatial" under the MeSH heading "Memory Disorders" (D008569)

    Fields to search for Spatial Memory Disorder
  • TextEntry term

    "Semantic Memory Disorder"[tiab]

    Narrower concept "Memory Disorder, Semantic" under the MeSH heading "Memory Disorders" (D008569)

    Fields to search for Semantic Memory Disorder
  • TextEntry term

    "Age-Related Memory Disorders"[tiab]

    Narrower concept under the MeSH heading "Memory Disorders" (D008569)

    Fields to search for Age-Related Memory Disorders
  • TextEntry term

    "Memory Deficits"[tiab]

    Narrower concept under the MeSH heading "Memory Disorders" (D008569)

    Fields to search for Memory Deficits
  • TextEntry term

    "Autobiographical Memory"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Memory, Episodic" (D061212)

    Fields to search for Autobiographical Memory
  • TextEntry term

    "Prospective Memory"[tiab]

    Narrower concept "Memory, Prospective" under the MeSH heading "Memory, Episodic" (D061212)

    Fields to search for Prospective Memory
  • TextEntry term

    "Immediate Recall"[tiab]

    Narrower concept under the MeSH heading "Memory, Short-Term" (D008570)

    Fields to search for Immediate Recall
  • TextEntry term

    "Executive Control"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Executive Function" (D056344)

    Fields to search for Executive Control
  • TextEntry term

    "Focus of Attention"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Attention" (D001288)

    Fields to search for Focus of Attention
  • TextEntry term

    "Mental Concentration"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Attention" (D001288)

    Fields to search for Mental Concentration
  • TextEntry term

    "Social Attention"[tiab]

    Narrower concept under the MeSH heading "Attention" (D001288)

    Fields to search for Social Attention
  • TextEntry term

    "Selective Attention"[tiab]

    Narrower concept under the MeSH heading "Attention" (D001288)

    Fields to search for Selective Attention
  • TextEntry term

    "Mental Fog"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Mental Fatigue" (D005222)

    Fields to search for Mental Fog
  • TextEntry term

    "Cognitive Weariness"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Mental Fatigue" (D005222)

    Fields to search for Cognitive Weariness
  • TextEntry term

    "Cognitive Exhaustion"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Mental Fatigue" (D005222)

    Fields to search for Cognitive Exhaustion
  • TextEntry term

    "Neurologic Signs and Symptoms"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Neurologic Manifestations" (D009461)

    Fields to search for Neurologic Signs and Symptoms
  • TextEntry term

    "Neurologic Signs"[tiab]

    Narrower concept under the MeSH heading "Neurologic Manifestations" (D009461)

    Fields to search for Neurologic Signs
  • TextEntry term

    "Neurologic Deficits"[tiab]

    Narrower concept under the MeSH heading "Neurologic Manifestations" (D009461)

    Fields to search for Neurologic Deficits
  • TextEntry term

    "Neurologic Dysfunction"[tiab]

    Narrower concept under the MeSH heading "Neurologic Manifestations" (D009461)

    Fields to search for Neurologic Dysfunction
  • TextEntry term

    "Focal Neurologic Deficits"[tiab]

    Narrower concept under the MeSH heading "Neurologic Manifestations" (D009461)

    Fields to search for Focal Neurologic Deficits
  • TextEntry term

    "Neuropsychologic Tests"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Neuropsychological Tests" (D009483)

    Fields to search for Neuropsychologic Tests
  • TextEntry term

    "Neuropsychological Test"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Neuropsychological Tests" (D009483)

    Fields to search for Neuropsychological Test
  • TextEntry term

    "Neuropsychological Testing"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "Neuropsychological Tests" (D009483)

    Fields to search for Neuropsychological Testing
  • TextEntry term

    "Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery"[tiab]

    Narrower concept under the MeSH heading "Neuropsychological Tests" (D009483)

    Fields to search for Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery
  • TextEntry term

    "Clock Test"[tiab]

    Narrower concept under the MeSH heading "Neuropsychological Tests" (D009483)

    Fields to search for Clock Test
  • TextEntry term

    "Aphasia Tests"[tiab]

    Narrower concept under the MeSH heading "Neuropsychological Tests" (D009483)

    Fields to search for Aphasia Tests
Fields to search

COVID-19 vaccinationExposure

344,365 records · 14 of 14 terms on · 7 suggestions off

  • MeSH valid: D000086663AI

    "COVID-19 Vaccines"[Majr]

    Core vaccine heading, exploded to include the named product headings (mRNA, adenoviral and others); major in PMID 38918610.

  • MeSH valid: D014611AI

    "Vaccination"[Majr]

    Vaccination as a main topic, as in PMID 38918610.

  • MeSH valid: D000093742AI

    "Breakthrough Infections"[Majr]

    Infection after vaccination, central to studies that compare vaccinated with unvaccinated infection.

  • SCR valid: C000718127AI

    "COVID-19 breakthrough infections"[Supplementary Concept]

    Supplementary Concept for SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination.

  • TextAI

    vaccin*[ti]

    Covers vaccine, vaccines, vaccinated and vaccination in titles and keywords.

    Fields to search for vaccin
  • TextAI

    unvaccinated[ti]

    Not matched by the vaccin truncation; used for comparison groups.

    Fields to search for unvaccinated
  • TextAI

    immuniz*[ti]

    American synonym for vaccination.

    Fields to search for immuniz
  • TextAI

    immunis*[ti]

    British synonym for vaccination.

    Fields to search for immunis
  • TextAI

    "booster dose*"[ti]

    Booster vaccination named in titles.

    Fields to search for booster dose
  • TextAI

    BNT162b2[ti]

    Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine code sometimes used without the word vaccine.

    Fields to search for BNT162b2
  • TextAI

    "mRNA-1273"[ti]

    Moderna vaccine code.

    Fields to search for mRNA-1273
  • TextAI

    ChAdOx1[ti]

    Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine code.

    Fields to search for ChAdOx1
  • TextAI

    "breakthrough infection*"[tiab]

    Exposure phrase that often appears only in the abstract, as in PMID 39777257.

    Fields to search for breakthrough infection
  • TextAI

    "vaccination status"[tiab]

    Phrase used when vaccination is analysed as an exposure in the abstract, as in PMID 38130975.

    Fields to search for vaccination status
Suggested MeSH entry terms (7, off)
  • TextEntry term

    "SARS2 Vaccine"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "COVID-19 Vaccines" (D000086663)

    Fields to search for SARS2 Vaccine
  • TextEntry term

    "SARS2 Vaccines"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "COVID-19 Vaccines" (D000086663)

    Fields to search for SARS2 Vaccines
  • TextEntry term

    "COVID19 Vaccine"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "COVID-19 Vaccines" (D000086663)

    Fields to search for COVID19 Vaccine
  • TextEntry term

    "COVID-19 Vaccine"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "COVID-19 Vaccines" (D000086663)

    Fields to search for COVID-19 Vaccine
  • TextEntry term

    "COVID19 Vaccines"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "COVID-19 Vaccines" (D000086663)

    Fields to search for COVID19 Vaccines
  • TextEntry term

    "2019-nCoV Vaccine"[tiab]

    Synonym of the MeSH heading "COVID-19 Vaccines" (D000086663)

    Fields to search for 2019-nCoV Vaccine
  • TextEntry term

    "Treatment Emergent Infections"[tiab]

    Narrower concept under the MeSH heading "Breakthrough Infections" (D000093742)

    Fields to search for Treatment Emergent Infections
Fields to search

Limits

Publication types to exclude

Each one is checked against MeSH publication types before it is added.

  • Comment
  • Case Reports
  • Editorial
  • Preprint

No changes.